مروری بر اقدامات ایمنی جهت کاهش تصادفات ناشی از سرعت

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار، دانشکده مهندسی عمران، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران

2 دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد، مدیر گروه پل و بزرگراه سازمان مشاور فنی و مهندسی شهر تهران، ایران

چکیده

افزایش سرعت، توانایی واکنش و مانور راننده را کاهش می‌دهد و منجر به افزایش فاصله توقف مورد نیاز می‌شود. مطالعات نشان داده است که سرعت غیرمجاز ناشی از دو مشکل پایه است. یکی انتخاب سرعت نامناسب به وسیله راننده است در حالی که نامناسب بودن سرعت واضح می‌باشد. دیگری درک نادرست راننده از سرعت ایمن بر اساس شرایط محیط می‌باشد. سرعت غیرمجاز به هر دلیل که باشد شدت تصادفات را افزایش داده و یکی از عوامل مهم در تصادفات فوتی است. در همین راستا اقدامات ممکن جهت کاهش این تخلف باید تمامی عوامل مؤثر بر این دو مشکل را پوشش داده و کنترل نماید. این راهبردها شامل تعیین سرعت مجاز مناسب، افزایش آگاهی رانندگان از مشکلات ایمنی ناشی از سرعت، ارتقاء شیوه اعمال قانون، انتقال اطلاعات در مورد سرعت مناسب به رانندگان و حصول اطمینان از طراحی و عملکرد متناسب با شرایط محیط برای تشویق به رانندگی با سرعت مناسب می‌شود. در این مقاله سعی شده تا با ارائه مجموعه کاملی از این اقدامات راهکارهای مناسب و عملی را جهت کاهش تصادفات ناشی از سرعت بالا را در اختیار متخصصین بگذارد.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها


-آقابیک، ک.، احمدپور، ط.، (1395)، "مروری بر اقدامات ایمنی جهت کاهش تصادفات در تقاطع‌های بدون چراغ". جاده، 24 (86), ص.11-30.
 
-آقابیک، ک.، احمدپور، ط.، (1396)، "مروری بر اقدامات ایمنی جهت کاهش تصادفات مربوط به وسایل نقلیه سنگین. جاده، آنلاین:     (http://road.bhrc.ac.ir/article_48856.html)
 
-Abdel-Aty, M., Dilmore, J., & Dhindsa, A. (2006), “Evaluation of variable speed limits for real-time freeway safety improvement”. Accident analysis & prevention", 38(2), pp.335-345.
 
-Armour, M. (1986), “The Effect of Police Presence on Urban Driving Speeds”.  ITE Journal, Vol. 56, No. 2, pp. 40–45.
 
-Bhalla, K., Paichadze, N., Gupta, S., Kliavin, V., Gritsenko, E., Bishai, D., & Hyder, A. A. (2014), “Rapid assessment of road safety policy change: relaxation of the national speed enforcement law in Russia leads to large increases in the prevalence of speeding. Injury prevention”,
injuryprev-2014.
 
-Bloch, S. A. (1998), “ A Comparative Study of the Speed Reduction Effects of Photo-Radar and Speed Display Boards. 
In -Transportation Research Record 1640. Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, D.C.,
pp. 27–36.
 
-Bourgeon, J. M., & Picard, P. (2007), “Point-record driving licence and road safety”: an economic approach. Journal of Public Economics, 91(1), pp.235-258.
 
-Elvik, R., Vaa, T., Hoye, A., & Sorensen, M. (Eds.). (2009), “The handbook of road safety measures. Emerald Group Publishing”.
 
-Federal Highway Administration Speed Management and Enforcement Technology Team. (1995), “FHWA Study Tour for Speed Management and Enforcement Technology”. Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation.
Washington D.C.
 
-Federal Highway Administration. (2005), FHWA Study Tour for Speed Management and Enforcement Technology. U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration.
 
-Fitzpatrick, K., Carlson, P. J., Wooldridge, M. D., and Brewer, M. A. (2000). Design Factors that Affect Driver Speed on Suburban Arterials. PSR 1769-S. Texas Transportation Institute, College Station, Texas.
-Fontaine, M. D., and Carlson, P. J. (2001). Evaluation of Speed Displays and Rumble Strips at Rural Maintenance Work Zones. In Transportation Research Record 1745. Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., pp. 27–38. Available at http://transops.tamu.edu/content/WorkZones/00377.pdf.
 
 
-Griffin, L. and Reinhardt, R. N. (1995), “A Review of Two Innovative Pavement Marking Patterns That Have Been Developed to Reduce Traffic Speeds and Crashes”. Prepared for the AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety. Texas Transportation Institute.
-Hall, J. (2003), “­Temecula CHP Starts Speed-Enforcement Program.  North County Times. Available at http://www.nctimes.com/articles/2003/09/09/news/ californian/9_10_0321_18_50.prt.
 
 
-Helak, K., Jehle, D., McNabb, D., Battisti, A., Sanford, S., & Lark, M. C. (2017), “Factors influencing injury severity of bicyclists involved in crashes with motor vehicles: bike lanes, alcohol, lighting, speed, and helmet use”. Southern medical journal, 110(7), pp.441-444.
 
-Imprialou, M. I. M., Quddus, M., Pitfield, D. E., & Lord, D. (2016), “Re-visiting crash–speed relationships: A new perspective in crash modelling. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 86, pp.173-185.
 
-Islam, M. T., & El-Basyouny, K. (2015), “Full Bayesian evaluation of the safety effects of reducing the posted speed limit in urban residential area”. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 80, pp.18-25.
 
-Kamyab, A., Andrle, S., and Kroeger, D. (2002), “Methods to Reduce Traffic Speed in High Pedestrian Areas. Minnesota Department of Transportation”, Minnesota Local Road Research Board.
 
-Katz, B. J. (2004), “Perceptual Pavement Marking Techniques as a Low-Cost Safety Improvement to Reducing Vehicle Speeds”. Annual Meeting and Exhibit of the Institute of Transportation Engineers, Lake Buena Vista, Florida.
 
-Keall, M. D., Povey, L. J., & Frith, W. J. (2001), “The relative effectiveness of a hidden versus a visible speed camera programme”. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 33(2), pp.277-284.
 
-Keith, K., Trentacoste, M., Depue, L., Granda, T., Huckaby, E., Ibarguen, B., Kantowitz, B., Lum, W., and Wilson, T. (2005), “Roadway Human Factors and Behavioral Safety in Europe”. Publication No. FHWA-PL-05-005. Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C. Available at http://international. fhwa.dot.gov/humanfactors/pl05005.pdf.
 
-Li, Z., Li, Y., Liu, P., Wang, W., & Xu, C. (2014), “Development of a variable speed limit strategy to reduce secondary collision risks during inclement weathers”. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 72, pp.134-145.
 
-Liao, Y., Li, S. E., Wang, W., Wang, Y., Li, G., & Cheng, B. (2016), “Detection of driver cognitive distraction: a comparison study of stop-controlled intersection and speed-limited highway”. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 17(6), pp.1628-1637.
 
-Lu, J. J., Park, J., Dissanayake, S., and Pernia, J. (2003),  Criteria for Setting Speed Limits in Urban and Suburban Areas in Florida.  Final Research Report to Florida Department of Transportation. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida.
 
-Lu, X. Y., & Shladover, S. (2014), “Review of variable speed limits and advisories: Theory, algorithms, and practice. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, (2423), pp.15-23.
 
-Lyles, R. W., and Taylor, W. C. (2006), NCHRP Report 559, Communicating Changes in Horizontal Alignment. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C.
 
-Meyer, E. (2000), “A Literature Review of Perceptual Countermeasures to Speeding”. University of Kansas.Lawrence, Kansas.
 
-Meyer, E. (2001), “A New Look at Optical Speed Bars”. ITE Journal. 71 (11), available at: http://worldcat.org/oclc/614107147.
 
-Milliken, J. G., Council, F. M., Gainer, T. W., Garber, N. J., Gebbie, K.M., Hall, J. W., Lave, C. A., et al. (1998), “Special Report 254,  Managing Speed, Review of Current Practice for Setting and Enforcing Speed Limits.  Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington D.C.
 
-“Minnesota Department of Transportation”. (2004), 2000 Traffic Engineering Manual, Revised Edition.
 
-Montella, A., Imbriani, L. L., Marzano, V., & Mauriello, F. (2015), “Effects on speed and safety of point-to-point speed enforcement systems: Evaluation on the urban motorway A56 Tangenziale di Napoli”. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 75, pp.164-178.
 
-National Conference of State Legislatures. (2006), “Online Legislative Tracking Database”. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Available at http://www.ncsl.org/programs/transportation /trafsafdb.htm.
 
-National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. (1995), “Municipal Speed Enforcement Programs Evaluated. Traffic Tech, Technology Transfer Series”. Available at http://www.nhtsa. dot.gov/portal/site/ nhtsa.
 
-National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. (2001), “Summary of State Speed Laws Fifth Edition. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Available at http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/ PEOPLE/INJURY/enforce/speedlaws501/summary_table.htm.
 
-National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. (2003), “Report to Congress on the FY 2003 Expenditure of Funds for Judges and Prosecutors”. Available at http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/nhtsa/announce/ NHTSAReports/congressreportfy2003.htm.
 
-National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. (2006), “Traffic Safety Facts 2006—Speeding”. DOT HS 810 814. Available at http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/Pubs/810814.PDF.
 
-Parker, M. R. (1992),  “Effects of Raising and Lowering Speed Limits: Final Report.  Report No. FHWA-RD-92-084. Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation.
 
-Ran, B., Barrett, B., and Johnson, E. (2004). Evaluation of Variable Message Signs in Wisconsin: DriverSurvey, Wisconsin Department of Transportation. http://on.dot.wi.gov/wisdotresearch/database /reports/45-17variablemessagesigns.pdf.
 
-Retting, R. A., and Farmer, C. M. (2003),  “Evaluation of Speed Camera Enforcement in the District of Columbia”.  In Transportation Research Record 1830, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C.,
pp. 34–37.
 
-Salt Lake City Corporation. (2000),  “Neighborhood Pace Car Program.  Transportation: A Division of Community Development”. Available at http://www.ci.slc.ut.us/transportation/TrafficManagement /PACECAR.HTM.
 
-Schneider, G.  (2004), “Safety Groups Decry Power Pitches”.  The Washington Post. 5 Aug, Page A01.
 
-Soole, D. W., Watson, B. C., & Fleiter, J. J. (2013), “Effects of average speed enforcement on speed compliance and crashes: A review of the literature”. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 54, pp.46-56.
 
-Tay, R. (2004), “The relationship between public education and law enforcement campaigns and their effectiveness in reducing speed-related serious crashes”. International Journal of Transport Economics/Rivista internazionale di economia dei trasporti, pp.263-268.
 
-Taylor, M. (2004),  CHP Keeps the Pace along I-680 ‘Zero Tolerance’ of Speeding Driven Home to Motorists.  San Francisco Chronicle.
 
Tronsmoen, T. (2010), “Associations between driver training, determinants of risky driving behaviour and crash involvement”. Safety Science, 48(1), pp.35-45.
 
-Tulu, G. S., Washington, S., Haque, M. M., & King, M. J. (2017). Injury severity of pedestrians involved in road traffic crashes in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Journal of Transportation Safety & Security, 9(sup1), pp.47-66.
 
-Wheeler, A. and Taylor, M. C. (1999), “Traffic Calming on Major Roads: Final Report”. TRL Report 385. TRL Limited. Crowthorne, United Kingdom.