A Review of Bioengineering Methods for Stabilizing Earthen Slopes of Forest Roads
Document Type : Original Article
Authors
1 Ph.D. Student, Department of Forestry, Faculty of Forest Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.
2 Associate Professor, Department of Forestry, Faculty of Forest Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.
3 Professor, Department of Forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources, Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Sari, Iran.
4 Ph.D. Graduated Student, Department of Forestry, Faculty of Forest Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.
Abstract
Forest roads are a major factor in increasing erosion rates and disrupting the stability of natural slopes. Erosion is the process by which soil particles are separated from their original bed and transported to another location by a transport agent. This study investigates the bioengineering methods of stabilizing earthen slopes of forest roads. Due to the fact that this article is a review of library and documentary methods and using search engines and various sites to access articles such as learners, academic jihad, Google scholar, Science Direct, etc., various articles on soil erosion, methods Soil stabilization was studied and analysed using bioengineering techniques, etc., and the results are: bioengineering is compatible with environmental conditions. This method, in addition to its main function, makes the landscape beautiful. Bioengineering projects require less heavy equipment and machinery, thus saving costs and the negative effects of using this type of equipment. Using native plants saves money.
Keywords
-پارساخو، آیدین (1394). ساخت و نگهداری جادههای جنگلی. انتشارات دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، 243-242.
-رفاهی، ح. (1378). فرسایش آبی و کنترل آن، چاپ دوم، انتشارات دانشگاه تهران.
-رفاهی، ح. (1382). فرسایش آبی و کنترل آن، چاپ چهارم، تهران : انتشارات دانشگاه تهران، 701-700.
-رفاهی، ح. (1394). فرسایش آبی و کنترل آن. تک جلدی، چاپ هفتم، تهران، انتشارات دانشگاه تهران، 671-670.
-عابدینی، م. (1384). پژوهشی در فرسایش خندقی ارتفاعات جنوب غرب دشت هادی شهر (شمال غرب آذربایجان شرقی) از طریق روشها و تکنیکهای جدید، مجله جغرافیا و توسعه، 2، 110-97.
-عاقلی کهنه شهری، ل. و صادقی، ح. (1384). برآورد آثار اقتصادی فرسایش خاک در ایران. فصلنامه پژوهشهای اقتصادی: شماره 15، 185-175.
-عبدی، ا. مجنونیان، ب. (1397). تعمیر و نگهداری جادههای جنگلی. تهران : انتشارات دانشگاه تهران، 145.
-غلامی، ل، کریمی، ن. کاویان، ع.ا. (1395). روشهای مهندسی زیستی خاک استفاده شده در مدیریت آب و تثبیت شیبهای تند. اکوهیدرولوژی، 4(1)، 169-142.
-قدمی فیروز آبادی، ع. و شمسایی، ا. (1385). برآورد شاخص فرسایش زایی از مقدار بارندگی روزانه (مطالعه موردی: شهر تهران)، مجله علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، 13(1)، 38-31.
-کردوانی، پ. (1376). حفاظت خاک. چاپ ششم، تهران، مؤسسه انتشارات دانشگاه تهران، 264.
-معاونت برنامهریزی و نظارت راهبردی رئیس جمهور. (1390). راهنمای طرح، اجرا و بهره برداری راههای جنگلی، نشریه 131. دفتر نظام فنی اجرایی، 159.
-Aimee, H., Normaniza, O. (2014). Physiological responses of Melastoma malabathricum at different slope orientations. Journal of Tropical Plant Physiology, 6,10–22.
-Appelboom, T.W., Chescheir, G.M., Skaggs, R.W. and Hesterberg, D.L. (2002). Management practices for sediment reduction from forest roads in the coastal plains. Transactions of the Asae, 45(2), 337-344.
-Archibold, Q.W. (1996). A Device for measuring Gully headwall morphology. Earth surface processes and landforms, 21,
1001-1005.
1001-1005.
-Asadi, H., Rouhanipour, H. (2007). The dynamic of sheet erosion. In Proceedings of the 10 Iranian Soil Science Congress, 22, 1256-1257. (In Persian)
-Beischta, R.L. (1978). Long-term patterns of sediment production following road construction and logging in the Oregon Coast Range. Water Resources Research, 14(6), 1011-1016.
-Bodoque, J. M., Díez-Herrero, A., Martín-Duque, J. F., Rubiales, J. M., Godfrey, A., Pedraza, J. ... & Sanz, M. A. (2005). Sheet erosion rates determined by using dendro geomorphological analysis of exposed tree roots: two examples from Central Spain. Catena, 64(1), 81-102.
Cornish, P.M. (2001). The effects of rodding, harvesting and forest regeneration on stream water turbidity levels in a moist eucalypt forest. Forest Ecology and Management, 152, 293-312.
-Ekwue, E. I., Bharat, C., & Samaroo, K. (2009). Effect of soil type, peat and farmyard manure addition, slope and their interactions on wash erosion by overland flow of some Trinidadian soils. Biosystems engineering, 102(2), 236-243.
-Elliot, W.J., Foltz, R.B. and Robichaud, P.R. (2009). Recent findings related to measuring and modelling forest road erosion. In: Proc. 18th World IMAC/MODSIM Congress Cairns, Australia: 4078-4084.
-Eubanks, C., & Meadows, D. (2002). A soil bioengineering guide for streambank and lakeshore stabilization. US Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Technology and Development Program, 1, 18-24.
-Evette, A., Labonne, S., Rey, F., Liebault, F., Jancke, O., & Girel, J. (2009). History of bioengineering techniques for erosion control in rivers in Western Europe. Environmental Management, 43(6), 972-984.
-Field, J.P., Breshears, D.D., Whicker, J.J., (2009). Toward a more holistic perspective of soil erosion: why aeolian research needs to explicitly consider fluvial processes and interactions. Aeolian Research, 1 (1–2), 9–17.
-Florineth, F., Rauch, H. P., Staffler, H. (2002).Stabilization of landslides with bio-engineering measures in South Tyrol/Italy and Thankot/Nepal. In International Congress, 1, 827-837.
-Fox, D.M., Maselli, F: Carrega, P. (2008). Using SPOT images and field sampling to map burn severity and vegetation factors affecting post forest fire erosion risk. Catena 75, 326–335.
-García-Ruiz, J.M. (2010). The effects of land uses on soil erosion in Spain: a review. Catena, 81(1), 1-11.
-Georgi, J., Stathakopoulos, I. (2006). Bioengineering techniques for soil erosion protection and slope stabilization. 46th Congress of the European Regional Science Association, Enlargement, Southern Europe and the Mediterranean, August 30th - September 3rd, 2006, Volos, Greece.
-Gray, D.H., Sotir, R. (1996). Biotechnical and Soil Bioengineering Slope Stabilization: A Practical Guide for Erosion Control. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
-Herren, R.V., Donahue, R.L. (1991). The agricultural Dictionary. Delmar publications Inc., 160-161.
-Imeson. A. C., Kwaad, F. J. (1980). Gully types and gully prediction, Geogr. Tijdschr, 14, 430-441.
-John, N.W.M. (1987). Geotextiles. Blackie and Son, Glasgow, New York, USA, ISBN: 0216919959, 347-375.
-Lammeranner, W., Rauch, HP; Laaha, G., 2005. Implementation and monitoring of soil bioengineering measures at a landslidein the middle mountains of Nepal. Plant and Soil, 278, 159–170.
-Lewise L. (2000). Soil bioengineering an alternative for roadside management.A practical guide. Technical Report 0077-1801-SDTDC. San Dimas, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, San Dimas Technology and Development Center, 44-45.
-Li, M.H., Eddleman, K.E. (2002). Biotechnical engineering as an alternative to traditional engineering methods: a biotechnical streambank stabilization design approach. Landscape Urban Plan. 60, 225–242.
-Li, X., Zhang, L., Zhang, Z. (2006). Soil Bioengineering and the ecological restoration of riverbanks at the Airport Town Shanghai, China. Ecol. Eng. 26, 304-314.
-Mahmoodabadi, M., Cerda, A. (2013).WEPP calibration for improved predictions of inter rill erosion in semi-arid to arid environments. Geoderma, 205, 75-83.
-Majnounian, B., Nikooy, M., Mahdavi, M. (2005). Cross drainage design of forest road in shafarood basin. Iranian Journal of Natural Research, 58(2), 339-350.
-Mayer, L.D, Wischmeier, W.H. (1969).Mathematical Simulation of Processes of Soil Erosion by Water. Trans. Am. Soc. Agric. Engric, 12 (6), 754-758.
-Mayor, A.G., Bautista, S., Bellot, J. (2009). Factors and interactions controlling infiltration, runoff, and soil loss at the micro scale in a patchy Mediterranean semiarid landscape. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 34, 1702-1711.
-Megahan, W.F. (1972). Logging, erosion, sedimentation: Are they dirty words? J. Forestry, 70(5), 403-407.
-Morgan, R. P. C. (2009). Soil erosion and conservation. John Wiley & Sons.
Morgan, R. P. C. Rickson, R. J. (Eds). (1995). Slope Stabilization and Erosion Control: a
Bioengineering Approach. E. F. N. Spon, London.
Bioengineering Approach. E. F. N. Spon, London.
-Patric, D. (1976). Designing and locating logging roads to control sediment. Journal of Forest Science, 13(1), 101-104.
-Punetha, P., Samanta, M., Sarkar, S. (2019). Bioengineering as an effective and ecofriendly soil slope stabilization method: A review. Landslides: Theory, practice and modeling, 201-224.
-Qing Deng, Z. Q., de Lima, J. L., Jung, H. S. (2008). Sediment transport rate-based model for rainfall-induced soilerosion. Catena, 76(1), 54-62.
-Qinjuan, C., Qiangguo, C., Wenjun, M. (2008). Comparative study on rain splash erosion of representative soils in China, Chin Geogray Science 18(2):155-161.
-Rey, F., Burylo, M. (2014). Can Bioengineering Structures made of willow cuttings trap sediment in eroded marly gullies in a Mediterranean mountainous climate? Geomorphology, 204, 564-572.
-Rickson, R. J. (2006). Controlling sediment at source: an evaluation of erosion control geotextiles. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms: The Journal of the British Geomorphological Research Group, 31(5), 550-560.
-Schiechtl, H.M., Stern, R. (1997).Ground bioengineering techniques for slope protection and erosion control. Blackwell Science Publications. ISBN: 0-632-04061-0.
-Schiechtl, H.M: Stern R. (1992). Handbuch fur naturnahen Erdbau.
Osterreichischer Agrarverlag Wien. 90, 108 153-154.
Osterreichischer Agrarverlag Wien. 90, 108 153-154.
-Shrestha, A. B., Ezee, G. C., Adhikary, R. P., & Rai, S. K. (2012). Resource manual on flash flood risk management. Module 3: structural measures. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD).
-Stangl, R. (2007). Hedge brush layers and live crib walls—stand development and benefits. In Eco-and Ground Bio-Engineering: The Use of Vegetation to Improve Slope Stability, Springer, Dordrecht. 287-296.
-Tague, C., Band, L. (2001). Simulating the impact of road construction a forest harvesting on hydrological response. Earth Surface Process Landforms, 26, 131-151.
-Torri, D., Poesen, J., Borselli, L., Bryan, R., Rossi, M. (2012). Spatial variation of bed roughness in eroding rills and gullies, Catena, 90, 76-78.
-Van Lear, D.H., Douglass, J.E., Cox, S.K., Augspurger, M.K. (1985). Sediment and nutrient export in runoff from burned and harvested pine watersheds in the South Carolina Piedmont. Journal of Environment Qual., 14(2), 169-174.
-Vrieling, A., de Jong, S. M., Sterk, G., Rodrigues, S. C. (2008). Timing of erosion and satellite data: A multi-resolution approach to soil erosion risk mapping. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoin formation, 10(3), 267-281.
-Wu, H.L., Feng, Z. (2006). Ecological engineering methods for soil and water conservation in Taiwan. Ecol. Eng. 28,
333-344.
333-344.
-Wuddivira, M.N: Stone, R.J. Ekwue, E.I. (2009). Clay, organic matter and wetting effects on splash detachment and aggregate breakdown under intense rainfall. Soil Science Society of America Journal 73(1), 226-232.
-Wyllie, D. C. (2014). Calibration of rock fall modeling parameters. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 67, 170-180.
-Zhang, Q: Lei, T., Zhao, J. (2008). Estimation of the detachment rate in eroding rills in flume experiments using an REE tracing method. Geoderma, 147, 8-15.
-Zucca, C: Canu, A., Della Peruta, R. (2006), Effects of land use and landscape on spatial distribution and morphological features of gullies in an agropastoral area in Sardinia (Italy), Catena, 68, 87-95.