evaluation the braking distance changes with vehicle speed
Document Type : Original Article
Authors
1 Ph.D., Student, Faculty of Engineering, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Shariati Street, Babol, Mazandaran, Iran.
2 Associate Professor, Faculty of Engineering, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Shariati Street, Babol, Mazandaran, Iran.
10.22034/road.2023.87845
Abstract
Friction of the pavement surface is one of the most important indicators of pavement, which in addition to safety on other things, such as sound production and driving comfort, also affects. Due to the shortcomings in this section and the fact that the friction of the pavement surface has not been measured in real and field in Iran, so in this research for the first time in Iran, the locking wheel was completely designed and built. Then by studying three routes in Shiraz and using the British pendulum test and sand patch test, and using various references, the results of the device were validated and then the variation of the braking distance was obtained based on the speed of motion. The results indicate a change in friction number from about 70 to 30 at a speed of 40 to 120 km / h. This change increases the braking distance by about 300%.
Keywords
-حجازی، س.ج. و علی پور، م.، (1395)، "اولویت‌بندی اصلاح نقاط حادثه‌خیز جاده‌ای بر اساس ممیزی ایمنی راه (مطالعه موردی مسیر بین شهرستان‌های خرم‌آباد و الشتر استان لرستان"، پژوهشنامه حمل و نقل، 13(3)، ص.65-85.
-حسنی، ا. سوداگری، ج. و معافی مدنی، س. ر.، (1385)، "تعیین اثر بافت درشت و سنگدانه در مقدار مقاومت لغزشی رویههای بتنی، پژوهشنامه حمل و نقل، 3 (4).
-کاشانی، م.، سامی، ا.، (1395)، "تأثیر کیفیت جاده در مرگ‌ومیر ناشی از تصادفات با استفاده از اتوماتای سلولی"، پژوهشنامه حمل و نقل، 13(4)، ص. 125-145.
-Ahammed, M. A., & Tighe, S. L., (2012), "Asphalt pavements surface texture and skid resistance exploring the reality", Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 39, pp.1–9. http://doi.org/10.1139/l11-109.
-Astm. (1993a), "Standard Specification for Standard Smooth Tire for Pavement Skid-Resistance Tests", ASTM E 524, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania: American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM).
-Astm., (1993b), "Standard Test Method for Measuring Surface Frictional Properties Using the British Pendulum Tester", ASTM E 303. West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania: American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM).
-Astm., (1998a), "Standard Specification for Standard Rib Tire for Pavement Skid-Resistance Tests,ASTM E 501", West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania: American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM).
-Astm., (1998b), "Standard Test Method for Measuring Pavement Macro-Texture Depth Using a Volumetric Technique,ASTM E 965", West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania: American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM).
-Astm., (1998c), "Standard Test Method for Side Force Friction on Paved Surfaces Using the Mu- Meter,ASTM E 670", West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania: American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM).
-Astm., (1998d), "Standard Test Method for Skid Resistance of Paved Surfaces Using a Full-Scale Tire,ASTM E 274", West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania: American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM).
-Astm., (1999a), "Standard Test Method for Friction Coefficient Measurements Between Tire and Pavement Using a Variable Slip Technique,ASTM E 1859", West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania: American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM).
-Astm., (1999b), "Standard Test Method for Measuring Pavement Surface Frictional Properties Using the Dynamic Friction Tester,ASTM E 1911, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania: American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM).
-Astm., (2005), "Standard Test Method for Measuring Pavement Texture Drainage Using an Outflow Meter," West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania: American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM).
-Astm., (2013), "Standard Test Method for Stopping Distance on Paved Surfaces Using a Passenger Vehicle Equipped With Full-Scale Tires,ASTM E 445, West Conshohocken", Pennsylvania: American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM).
-Astm. (2014), "Standard Test Method for Measuring the Frictional Properties of Winter Contaminated Pavement Surfaces Using an Averaging-Type Spot Measuring Deceleromete", West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania: American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM).
-Bustos, M., Echaveguren, T., Solminihac, H. De, & Caroca, A., (2006), "Development of correlation equations between different measurements of skid resistance in pavements", Indian Journal of Engineering and Materials Sciences, 13(April), pp.117–122.
-Chu, L. J., & Fwa, T. F., (2017), "A functional approach for determining skid resistance threshold state of porous pavement", International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 8436(July), http://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2017.1309195
-Ghaemi, O., (2011), "Collection And Examination Of Lab Test And Field Performance Data On Friction And Polishing Of Hot Mix Asphalt Surfac", University of Akron.
-Hall, J., Smith, K., Titus-Glover, L., Wambold, J., Yager, T., & Rado, Z., (2009), "Guide for Pavement Friction", National Cooperative Highway Research Program.
-Henry, J., (1983), "Comparison of Friction Performance of a Passenger Tire and the ASTM Standard Test Tires", Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM).
-Henry, J., (2000), "Evaluation of Pavement Friction Characteristics", Washington, D.C: National Cooperative Highway Research Program.
-Huang, Y. H., (2004), "Pavement Analysi s and Desig n (2nd ed.)", University of Kentucky.
-Hussein, N., & Hassan, R., (2016), "Surface condition and safety at signalised intersections", International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 18(11), pp.1016–1026. http://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2016.1141411.
-Katayama, Y., Kitamura, T., Kiyohara, K., & Iwami, T., (2017), "Factors associated with prehospital death among traffic accident patients in Osaka City", Japan : a population-based study. Traffic Injury Prevention. http://doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2017.1347645.
-Kosgolla, J., (2012), "Numerical Simulation of Sliding Friction and Wet Traction Force on a Smooth Tire Sliding on a Random Rough Pavement", University of South FloridaCo.
-Kuttesch, J. S., (2004), "Quantifying the Relationship between Skid Resistance and Wet Weather Accidents for Virginia Data Quantifying the Relationship between Skid Resistance and Wet Weather Accidents for Virginia Data", Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
-Lee, J., Nam, B., & Abdel-aty, M., (2015), "Effects of Pavement Surface Conditions on Traffic Crash Severity", Journal of Transportation Engineering, 11, pp.1–11. http://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)TE.1943-5436.0000785.
-Lin, C., & Tongjing, W., (2018), "Effect of fine aggregate angularity on skid-resistance of asphalt pavement using accelerated pavement testing", Construction and Building Materials, 168, 41–46. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.01.171.
-Lyon, C., Persaud, B., & Merritt, D., (2016), "Quantifying the safety effects of pavement friction improvements – results from a large-scale study", International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 19(2), 145–152. http://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2016.1172709.
-Marizwan, M., Manan, A., Várhelyi, A., Kemal, A., & Hanis, H., (2017), "Road characteristics and environment factors associated with motorcycle fatal crashes in Malaysia", IATSS Research. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.iatssr.2017.11.001.
-Persson, B., (1998), "On the Theory of Rubber Friction", Surf. Sci, (401), pp.445–454.
-Rolison, J. J., Regev, S., Moutari, S., & Feeney, A., (2018), "What are the factors that contribute to road accidents ? An assessment of law enforcement views", ordinary drivers ’ opinions , and road accident records. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 115, (August 2017), pp.11–24. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2018.02.025.
-Sandburg, U., & Ejsmont, J., (2002), "Tyre/Road Noise Reference Book (1st ed.)", Kisa, Sweden: Informex.
-Siriphun, S., Horpibulsuk, S., Chotisakul, S., Chinkulkijniwat, A., & Arulrajah, A., (2017), "Effect of cumulative traffic and statistical predictive modelling of field skid resistance", Road Materials and Pavement Design, pp.1–14. http://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2017.1385511.
-Vardaki, S., Papadimitriou, F., & Kopelias, P., (2014), "Road safety audit on a major freeway : implementing safety improvements", European Transport Research Review, 6, pp.387–395. http://doi.org/10.1007/s12544-014-0138-0.
-Wallman, C., & Astrom, H., (2001), "Friction Measurement Methods and the Correlation Between Road Friction and Traffic Safety (1st ed.)", Linkoping, Sweden:, Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute.
-Wambold, J. ., Henry, J. ., & Blackburn, R., (1984), "Pavement Surface Texture: Significance and Measurement", Washington, D.C: Federal Highway Administration (FHWA).
-Wu, Z., & Abadie, C., (2018), "Laboratory and fi eld evaluation of asphalt pavement surface friction resistance", Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering, 12(3), pp.372–381. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11709-017-0463-1.
-Yaseen, M. R., Ali, Q., Tariq, M., & Khan, I., (2018), "General dependencies and causality analysis of road traffic fatalities in OECD countries", Environmental Science and Pollution Research, pp.1–16. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2146-4.