Review of Safety Measures to Reduce Bicycle Crashes

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 School of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran

2 M.Sc., Student, School of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.

Abstract

 
Cycling has been a form of transportation for many years. It is still considered as a healthy alternative transportation and can reduce vehicular traffic congestions. Use of bicycles has been increased considerably in recent years in particular in some European countries. Safety concerns could be considered as a major factor which influences a cyclist’s decision to bicycle for transportation. Many studies have been focused on cyclist’s safety in recent years indicating the problems cannot be solved by addressing only one of the “three Es” (i.e., engineering, education, or enforcement) without addressing the others. Therefore, different groups of a society such as planners, engineers, law enforcement officers, designers, trainers and citizens should work together to identify and solve cycling safety problems. Nevertheless, the countermeasures should be applied with attention to crash causalities to be more effective. This paper reviews the cyclist-related studies and introduces the countermeasures which can reduce crashes involving bicycles.

Keywords

References

-آقابیک، ک. و احمدپور، ط.، (1395)­، "مروری بر اقدامات ایمنی جهت کاهش تصادفات در تقاطع‌های بدون چراغ"، نشریه جاده، دوره 24، شماره 86، ص. 11-30.
 
-آقابیک، ک. و رمضانی، م.، (1397)، "مروری بر اقدامات ایمنی جهت کاهش تصادفات در تقاطع‌های چراغدار، نشریه جاده، دوره 26، شماره 96.
 
-آقابیک، ک. و رمضانی، م. (1397)­، "مروری بر اقدامات ایمنی جهت کاهش تصادفات مربوط به عابرین پیاده"، نشریه جاده، دوره 26، شماره 97.
 
-شیرمحمدی, ح. مظاهری، م. و امدادیان قانع، م. (1393)­، "بهبود شرایط زیست محیطی و ترافیکی شهری با بهره گیری از سیستم دوچرخه سواری"، همایش ملی معماری، عمران و توسعه نوین شهری، تبریز، ایران.
 
 -American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, (2012), “Guide for the Development of Bicycle Facilities”. Washington, DC.
-Daley, M., Rissel, C., & Lloyd, B. (2007), “All dressed up and nowhere to go? “A qualitative research study of the barriers and enablers to cycling in inner Sydney”. Road and Transport Research, 16, pp.42–52.
-Elefteriadou, L., El-Gindy, M., Torbic, D., Garvey, P., Homan, A., Jiang, Z., Pecheux, B., and Tallon, R. (2000), “Bicycle-Tolerable Shoulder Rumble Strip”. Report Number: PTI 2K15. Pennsylvania State University, the Pennsylvania Transportation Institute.
-Eluru, N., Bhat, C., Hensher, D., (2008), “A mixed generalized ordered response model for examining pedestrian and bicyclist injury severity level in traffic crashes”. Accident Analysis and Prevention 40 (3), pp.1033–1054.
-Hagel, B. E., Romanow, N. T. R., Morgunov, N., Embree, T., Couperthwaite, A. B., Voaklander, D., & Rowe, B. H. (2014), “The relationship between visibility aid use and motor vehicle related injuries among bicyclists presenting to emergency departments”. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 65, pp.85-96.
-Hamann, C., Peek-Asa, C., (2013), “On-road bicycle facilities and bicycle crashes in Iowa, 2007–2010”. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 56, pp.103–109.
-Harkey, D. L., Mekemsom, J., Chen, M. C., and Krull, K. (1999), “Pedestrian and Bicycle Crash Analysis Tool”. Product no. FHWA-RD-099-192. Washington, DC: Federal Highway Administration.
-Harwood, D. W., Council, F. M., Hauer, E., Hughes, W. E., and Vogt, A. (2000), “Prediction of the Expected Safety Performance of Rural Two-Lane Highway”. Report No. FHWA-99-207. Available at http://www.tfhrc.gov/safety/pubs/99207.pdf.
-Hunter, W. W., Stutts, J. C., Pein, W. E., and Cox, C. L. (1996), “Pedestrian and Bicycle Crash Types of the Early 1990’s”. Report FHWA-RD-95-163. McLean, VA: Office of Safety and Traffic Operations Research & Development, Federal Highway Administration.
-Hunter, W. W., Stewart, J. R., Stutts, J. C., Huang, H. H., and Pein, W. E. (1999), “A Comparative Analysis of Bicycle Lanes versus Wide Curb Lanes: Final Report. Report FHWA-RD-99-034”. Washington, DC: Federal Highway Administration. Available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/tfhrc/safety/ pubs/99034/99034.pdf.
-Hunter, W. W., Harkey, D. L., Stewart, J. R., and Birk, M. L. (2000), “Evaluation of the Blue Bike Lane Treatment Used in Bicycle/Motor Vehicle Conflict Areas in Portland, Oregon”. Report No. FHWA-RD-00-150. Washington, DC: Federal Highway Administration. Available at http://www.walkinginfo.org/ pdf/r&d/bluelane.PDF.
-Hunter, W. W. (2000a), “Evaluation of a combined bicycle lane/right turn lane in Eugene, Oregon (No. FHWA-RD-00-151,)”, http://www.walkinginfo.org/pdf/r&d/blue_box_combined.pdf
-Hunter, W. W. (2000b), “Evaluation of an innovative application of the bike box (No. FHWA-RD-00-141,)”. http://www.walkinginfo.org/pdf/r&d/bikebox.pdf.
-Jacobsen, P. L., Racioppi, F., & Rutter, H. (2009), “Who owns the roads? How motorized traffic discourages walking and bicycling”. Injury Prevention, 15, pp.369–373.
-Korve, M. J., and Niemeier, D. A. (2002), “Benefit-Cost Analysis of Added Bicycle Phase at Existing Signalized Intersection”. Journal of Transportation Engineering. 128(1), pp.40-48.
-Lacherez, P., Wood, J. M., Marszalek, R. P., & King, M. J. (2013), “Visibility-related characteristics of crashes involving bicyclists and motor vehicles–Responses from an online questionnaire study”. Transportation research part F: traffic psychology and behaviour, 20, pp.52-58.
-Landis, B., Vattikuti, V., Ottenberg, R., Petritsch, T., Guttenplan, M., & Crider, L. (2003), “Intersection level of service for the bicycle through movement”. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, (1828), pp.101-106.
-Madsen, J. C. O., Andersen, T., & Lahrmann, H. S. (2013), “Safety effects of permanent running lights for bicycles: A controlled experiment”. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 50, pp.820–829.
-Mason, J., Fulton, L., & McDonald, Z. (2015), “A global high shift cycling scenario: The potential for dramatically increasing bicycle and e-bike use in cities around the world, with estimated energy, CO2, and cost impacts”. Available on https://merritt.cdlib.org/d/ark:%252F13030%252Fm 5x38230/1/producer%252FUCD-ITS-RP-15-29.pdf
-Nabti, J. M., and Ridgway, M. D. (2002), “Innovative Bicycle Treatments: An Informational Report of the Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) and the ITE Pedestrian and Bicycle Council”. Washington, DC: Institute of Transportation Engineers.
-National Highway Safety Administration (NHSA), (2001), “Traffic Safety Facts 2000: A Compilation of Motor Vehicle Crash Data from the Fatalities”. Analysis Reporting System and the General Estimates System. US Department of Transportation, Washington, DC.
-Olivier, J., Walter, S.R., Grzebieta, R.H., (2013), “Long term bicycle related head injury trends for New South Wales”, Australia following mandatory helmet legislation.Accident Analysis and Prevention 50, pp.1128–1134.
-Preusser, D. F., Leaf, W. A., DeBartolo, K. B., Blomberg, R. D., and Levy, M. M. (1982). “The Effect of Right-Turn-on-Red on Pedestrian and Bicyclist Accidents”. Journal of Safety Research. 13(2): pp.45–55.
 
-Pucher, J., & Buehler, R. (2008), “Cycling for everyone: lessons from Europe”. Transportation research record, 2074(1), pp.58-65.
-Pucher, J., Dill, J., & Handy, S. (2010), “Infrastructure, programs, and policies to increase bicycling: an international review”. Preventive medicine, 50, S106-S125.
-Retting, R. A., Nitzburg, M. S., Farmer, C. M., and Knoblauch, R. L. (2002), “Field Evaluation of Two Methods for Restricting Right Turn on Red to Promote Pedestrian Safety”. ITE Journal. 72(1).
-Robartes, E., Chen, T.D., (2017), “The effect of crash characteristics on cyclist injuries: an analysis of Virginia automobile-bicycle crash data”. Accident Anal. Prev. 104, pp.165–173.
-Robinson, B. W., Rodegerdts, L., Scarborough, W., Kittelson, W., Troutbeck, R., Brilon, W.,Bondzio, L., Courage, K., Kyte, M., Mason, J., Flannery, A., Myers, E., Bunker, J., andJacquemart, G. (2000),
 -Roundabouts: An Informational Guide. Report No. FHWA-RD-000-067. Available at: http://www. tfhrc.gov /safety/00068.htm.
-Schultz, G., Lewis, J., & Boschert, T. (2007), “Safety impacts of access management techniques in Utah. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board”, (1994), pp.35-42.
-Shen, L. D., Elbadrawi, H. R., and Ospina, D. I. (2000), “Bicycle and Pedestrian Considerations at Roundabouts”. Tallahassee, FL: Florida Department of Transportation.
-The Netherlands Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management Directorate-General for Passenger Transport, (2009), “Cycling in the Netherlands, Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management Directorate- General for Passenger Transport, The Hague, and Netherlands”.
-Thomas, L., Masten, S. V., and Stutts. J. C. (2005), “Impact of School-Based, Hands-On Bicycle Safety Education Approaches for School-Aged Children: An Evaluation of School Based Bicycle Safety Education Programs Incorporating On Bike Instruction”. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation.
-Thomas, B., DeRobertis, M., (2013), “The safety of urban cycle tracks: a review of the literature”. Accident Analysis and Prevention 52, pp.219–227.
-U.S. Department of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration (2003), “Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways”. Washington, DC. Available at: http://mutcd. fhwa.dot.gov/kno-2003.htm.
 
-Wachtel, A., Lewiston, D., (1994), “Risk factors for bicycle–motor vehicle Collisions at intersections”. ITE J. 64 (9), pp.30–35
-Watson, L., & Cameron, M. (2006), “Bicycle and motor vehicle crash characteristics. Melbourne: Monash University Accident Research Centre”.
-Yan, X., Ma, M., Huang, H., Abdel-Aty, M., Wu, C., (2011), “Motor vehicle-bicycle crashes in Beijing: irregular maneuvers, crash patterns, and injury severity”. Accident Analysis and Prevention 43 (5), pp.1751–1758.
-Zador, P. L. (1984), “Right-turn-on-red laws and motor vehicle crashes: A review of the literature. Accident Analysis & Prevention”, 16(4), pp.241-245.
-Zegeer, C. V., Cynecki, M., Fegan, J., Gilleran, B., Lagerwey, P., Tan, C., and Works, R. (1994), Summary Report on FHWA Study Tour for Pedestrian and Bicyclist Safety in England, Germany, and the Netherlands. Report No. FHWA-PL-95-006. Available at: http://ntl.bts.gov/DOCS/ bikeped.html.
-Zegeer, C. V., Stewart, J. R., Huang, H. H., and Lagerway, P. A. (2002), “Safety Effects of Marked vs. Unmarked Crosswalks at Uncontrolled Locations: Executive Summary and Recommended Guidelines. Report No”. FHWA-RD-01-075. Available online at http://www.walkinginfo.org/pdf/r&d/ crosswalk_021302.pdf.
-Zhao, C., Carstensen, T. A., Nielsen, T. A. S., & Olafsson, A. S. (2018), “Bicycle-friendly infrastructure planning in Beijing and Copenhagen-between adapting design solutions and learning local planning cultures”. Journal of Transport Geography, 68, pp.149-159.

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics