جاده

جاده

بررسی جایگاه میدان در شبکه راه‎های شهرها و مروری بر انواع میدان در دنیا

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان
1 دانشجوی کارشناسی، بخش مهندسی عمران، دانشکدۀ فنی- مهندسی، دانشگاه شهید باهنر کرمان، ایران
2 دانشیار، بخش مهندسی عمران، دانشکدۀ فنی- مهندسی، دانشگاه شهید باهنر کرمان، ایران
چکیده
میدان در مباحث طرح هندسی راه در دستۀ تقاطع‌ها قرار می‌گیرد. میدان تقاطع چند راه بوده که وسائل‌نقلیه در وسط تقاطع با گردش حول یک جزیرۀ دایره‌ای شکل در خلاف جهت عقربه‌های ساعت حرکت می‌کنند. میدان‌ها در شهر می‎توانند نسبت به انوع مختلف شیوه‌های کنترل تقاطع عملکرد بهتری از جهت کارایی و ایمنی داشته باشد. اما عملکرد بهتر وابسته به این است که نوع مناسب میدان و با طراحی صحیح استفاده شود. میدان تاریخچۀ بسیار طولانی داشته و از حدود 120 سال پیش نمونه‌هایی از آن در کشورهای اروپایی حتی پیش از بکارگیری وسائل نقلیه امروزی مورد استفاده بوده است. در این مقالۀ مروری، ابتدا نگاهی به تاریخچۀ میدان از سال 1903 تا رسیدن به طرح میدان مدرن صورت خواهد گرفت. سپس انواع میدان مورد استفاده در دنیا مورد، معرفی خواهد شد. در نهایت افق‌های تحقیقاتی و نیز بسته‌های نرم‌افزاری مرتبط با تحلیل و طراحی میدان مطرح می‌گردد. در مجموع نتایج بررسی‌ها نشان می‌دهد که استفاده از میدان‌های چند خطه و با قطر بزرگ طرح نامطلوبی محسوب می‌شود. در عوض برای کم کردن تداخلات میدان‌های چند خطه، اقبال عمومی در دنیا به سمت میدان‌های توربو بوده و تحقیقات زیادی در ارتباط با این نوع میدان در دنیا در حال انجام است. مطالعات پیرامون روش‌های تحلیل ظرفیت میدان، ارتقای ایمنی عابران پیاده و دوچرخه‌سواران و چراغ‌دار کردن میدان نیز از مسائل مهم در حال پیگیری در تحقیقات مرتبط با میدان است.
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