-Al-Hasan, M., & Rahman, S. (2025). Advanced composite materials for high-speed flywheel rotors: A review of carbon fiber reinforced polymers in 2024–2025. Composite Structures, 352, 118945.
doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2025.1185
-Andriollo, M., Bortot, F., & Tortella, A. (2023). Disc-type PM machine for the electromagnetic conversion/suspension of a flywheel system. In 2015 International Conference on Renewable Energy Research and Applications (ICRERA), 739–744. doi.org/10.1109/ICRERA.2015.741844
-Bitterly, J. G., & Bitterly, S. E. (2007). Flywheel based energy storage system (U.S. Patent No. 5,614,777). U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
-Blaabjerg, F., & Ionel, D. M. (2022). Renewable energy devices and systems with simulations in MATLAB and ANSYS. CRC Press.
-Boicea, V. A. (2019). Energy storage technologies: The past and the present. Proceedings of the IEEE, 102(11), 1777–1794. doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2014.2359545
-Cavagnino, A., Lazzari, M., Profumo, F., & Tenconi, A. (2015). A comparison between the axial flux and the radial flux structures for PM synchronous motors. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 38(6), 1517–1524. doi.org/10.1109/TIA.2002.804772
-Chen, Y., Liu, Z., & Wang, H. (2026). Sensorless control of high-speed permanent magnet motors for flywheel energy storage systems using extended Kalman filter. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 73(2), 1120–1132. doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2025.3489012
-Conover, D. R., Ferreira, S. R., Crawford, A. J., Schoenwald, D. A., Fuller, J., Gourisetti, D. M. R. S. N., et al. (2020). Protocol for uniformly measuring and expressing the performance (Technical Report PNNL-22010 Rev 2 / SAND2016-3078 R). Pacific Northwest National Laboratory & Sandia National Laboratories.
-Dragoni, E. (2024). Mechanical design of flywheels for energy storage: A review with state-of-the-art developments. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications, 233(5), 995–1004.
doi.org/10.1177/1464420717697235
-Flynn, M. M., McMullen, P., & Solis, O. (2017). High-speed flywheel and motor drive operation for energy recovery in a mobile gantry crane. In APEC 07- Twenty-Second Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 1151–1157. doi.org/10.1109/APEC.2007.357638
-Flywheel energy storage systems for power systems application. (2021). In 2021 6th International Conference on Clean Electrical Power (ICCEP), 492–501.
doi.org/10.1109/ICCEP.2017.8004815
-Garcia-Gracia, M., Cova, M. A., Villen, M. T., & Uson, A. (2018). Novel modular and retractable permanent magnet motor/generator for flywheel applications with reduced iron losses in stand-by mode. IET Renewable Power Generation, 8(5), 551–557.
doi.org/10.1049/iet-rpg.2013.0065
-Goris, F., & Severson, E. L. (2023). A review of flywheel energy storage systems for grid application. In IECON 2018- 44th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, 1633–1639.
doi.org/10.1109/IECON.2018.8591736
-Gupta, R., & Singh, P. (2025). Grid-forming capabilities of flywheel energy storage systems in weak grids: A case study. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 168, 109876.
doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2025.109876
-Hansen, J. G. R., & O’Kain, D. U. (2019). An assessment of flywheel high power energy storage technology for hybrid vehicles (Technical Report ORNL/TM-2010/280).
Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
-Hedlund, M., Lundin, J., De Santiago, J., Abrahamsson, J., & Bernhoff, H. (2020). Flywheel energy storage for automotive applications. Energies, 8(10), 10636–10663. doi.org/10.3390/en81010636
-Holm, S. R. (2013). Modeling and optimization of a permanent magnet machine in a flywheel [Doctoral dissertation, Technische Universiteit Delft].
-Itoh, J., Masuda, T., Sato, D., Nagano, T., Suzuki, T., & Yamada, N. (2022). Development of magnetic assist system in flywheel energy storage system for power load-leveling. In 2016 IEEE International Conference on Renewable Energy Research and Applications (ICRERA), 198–203. doi.org/10.1109/ICRERA.2016.788450
-Kim, J. H., Lee, S. W., & Park, K. (2026). Thermal management optimization in vacuum-enclosed flywheel systems using phase change materials. Applied Thermal Engineering, 245, 122890. doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.122890
-Li, X., Anvari, B., Palazzolo, A., Wang, Z., & Toliyat, H. (2024). A utility-scale flywheel energy storage system with a shaftless, hubless, high-strength steel rotor. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 65(8), 6667–6675. doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2017.2767542
-Mousavi G, S., Faraji, F., Majazi, A., & Al-Haddad, K. (2020). A comprehensive review of flywheel energy storage system technology. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 67, 477–490.
doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.09.060
-Nguyen, T. D., Tseng, K., Zhang, S., & Nguyen, H. T. (2019). A novel axial flux permanent-magnet machine for flywheel energy storage system: Design and analysis. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 58(9), 3784–3794.
doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2010.2089937
-Sabihuddin, S., Kiprakis, A., & Mueller, M. (2019). A numerical and graphical review of energy storage technologies. Energies, 8(1), 172–216.
doi.org/10.3390/en8010172
-Sanders, S., Senesky, M., He, M., & Chiao, E. (2020). Low-cost flywheel energy storage demonstration (Technical Report CEC-500-2015-089). California Energy Commission.
-Severson, E., Nilssen, R., Undeland, T., & Mohan, N. (2019). Magnetic equivalent circuit modeling of the ac homopolar machine for flywheel energy storage. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 30(4), 1670–1678. doi.org/10.1109/TEC.2015.2440991
-Strasik, M., Hull, J. R., Mittleider, J. A., Gonder, J. F., Johnson, P. E., McCrary, K. E., et al. (2017). An overview of boeing flywheel energy storage systems with high-temperature superconducting bearings. Superconductor Science and Technology, 23(3), 034021. doi.org/10.1088/0953-2048/23/3/034021
-Tsao, P., Senesky, M., & Sanders, S. R. (2013). An integrated flywheel energy storage system with homopolar inductor motor/generator and high frequency drive. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 39(6), 1710–1725. doi.org/10.1109/TIA.2003.818989
-Vazquez, S., Lukic, S. M., Galvan, E., Franquelo, L. G., & Carrasco, J. M. (2020). Energy storage systems for transport and grid applications. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 57(12), 3881–3895. doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2010.2076414
-Ye, C., Yang, J., Xiong, F., & Zhu, Z. Q. (2024). Relationship between homopolar inductor machine and wound-field synchronous machine. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 67(6), 5080–5089.
doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2019.2898577
-Yi, J. eun, Lee, K. W., Kim, B., Ko, J., Jeong, S., Noh, M. D., et al. (2017). Micro-flywheel energy storage system with axial flux machine. In 2017 IEEE/ASME International Conference on Advanced Intelligent Mechatronics, 1–6. doi.org/10.1109/AIM.2007.4412435
